SpaceX filed for an IPO on Wednesday that Elon Musk says will bankroll an effort to turn the rocket maker into an AI powerhouse, launching up to 1 million datacenter satellites into orbit to bypass power and water limits on Earth. The company could raise up to USD 75 billion when it goes public, making it potentially the largest IPO in history.

Microsoft's Abandoned Undersea Project

Microsoft had a similar ambition to escape land-based computing constraints in 2015, when it lowered a shipping-container-sized data center onto the seabed off Scotland, aiming to cut energy use through natural seawater cooling and tapping offshore wind and tidal power. Microsoft's "Project Natick," once touted as a potential breakthrough for the datacenter industry, successfully met all its technical targets, but underwater data centers were abandoned more than two years ago due to a lack of client demand and unviable economics, two sources with knowledge of the project told Reuters.

A Microsoft spokesperson said, "While we don't currently have datacenters in the water, we will continue to use Project Natick as a research platform to explore, test, and validate new concepts around datacenter reliability and sustainability." Although Microsoft proved that undersea data centers could work, customers were not interested in scaling them; instead, expanding conventional land-based facilities allowed for cheaper, faster upgrades as AI development accelerated, the two people with knowledge of the project said, asking not to be named due to the sensitivity of the matter.

Shared Technical Challenges

Five data center specialists told Reuters that what went wrong for Microsoft is a cautionary tale for SpaceX because, although both projects are a world apart geographically, they share key similarities: they both rely on modular units that are expensive to deploy and cannot be expanded, repaired, or upgraded; features considered critical by the AI industry. "These problems are likely to be more severe in space than under the sea," said Roy Chua, founder of industry research firm AvidThink, pointing to unresolved questions over how to cool data centers in orbit, high rocket launch costs, and the effects of the harsh space environment on AI chips.

The sealed, "locked-for-life" design, which SpaceX would replicate in orbit, has limited flexibility, since AI chips are rapidly improving every year, while a satellite or undersea data center might be replaced only every five to seven years. The economics were also a stumbling block, the two people said. Deploying data centers under the sea was more expensive than building on land, and while those costs might have fallen at scale, doing so would have required tens of billions of dollars in investment.

Economic and Technical Hurdles

Space will be far more expensive. Analysts at MoffettNathanson, an independent U.S. equity research firm, said in a February research note that Musk's plan to put a million AI satellites in space would run into the trillions of dollars. In order for data centers in space to become commercially viable, launch costs would need to fall from today's low thousands of dollars per kilogram to the low hundreds of dollars per kilogram, analysts say.

"The problem is not whether something can work, but whether it makes sense economically versus simply building more capacity on the ground," said Tim Farrar, an independent satellite industry analyst at TMF Associates. Musk says he will overcome the technical and financial hurdles, including radiation exposure, heat management in a vacuum, and the need for frequent hardware replacement, by sharply lowering launch costs and developing more resilient AI chips.

Demand will not be an issue, Musk says, because Earth's energy resources will quickly be depleted as AI is needed to support a world where robots outnumber humans, all cars drive themselves, and space travel becomes routine. "The idea that we just can't solve problems on Earth, like power shortages and environmental issues, strikes me as unrealistically negative about Earth to try and make everything seem better in space," Farrar said.

Starship Development Challenges

Musk's case hinges on Starship, SpaceX's next-generation rocket, which is designed to be fully reusable and carry far larger payloads than SpaceX's Falcon rockets. But Starship is years behind schedule and has suffered explosive setbacks in some of its 11 suborbital test flights since 2023. MoffettNathanson estimates that to achieve Musk's goal, it would require 3,000 Starship launches a year, or eight per day.

Industry Competition and Perspectives

Jeff Bezos' space company Blue Origin is also backing orbital data centers. The rocket company said in March that its Project Sunrise concept would add AI computing capacity in orbit, tapping clean solar power while preserving terrestrial datacenter infrastructure. Blue Origin did not respond to a request for further comment.

SpaceX, which acquired Musk's AI startup xAI in February, did not respond to a request for comment. The holdings of xAI include social media company X, formerly Twitter, and AI chatbot Grok.

Speaking on the All-In podcast in February, Nvidia Chief Executive Jensen Huang said the economics of space-based AI data centers remain unattractive. "We should definitely work on the ground first because we're already here," Huang said, describing orbital AI infrastructure as a longer-term engineering challenge rather than a near-term solution.

Space data centers do have a future, but it is more likely to complement ground-based data centers, said Claude Rousseau, a research director at Analysys Mason who tracks satellite markets. "I strongly believe that there'll be no way in the foreseeable future that space-based data centers can replace ground data centers," Rousseau said, adding that it would be a more niche industry serving infrastructure in orbit, like military satellite constellations and space stations.

For instance, the International Space Station already hosts experimental systems designed to process data in orbit and reduce reliance on downlink bandwidth. Chua said schemes to move data centers under the sea or into space risk trying to escape problems on Earth and creating a whole new set of harder challenges. "There are many problems that we can solve on Earth before space," Chua said, pointing to gains in AI chip efficiency, better water recycling, and expanded use of solar power and modular nuclear power generation.

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